Positive Reinforcement Training Techniques for Reactive Dogs

Introduction

Dog reactivity is a common behavioural issue that many pet owners face, ourselves included. Like many dog owners, we could only wish that walking down the street with our pooch and seeing someone we know could result in a long and joyful conversation, but this isn't our reality. As we all know, reactive dogs can lunge, bark, or exhibit perceivably aggressive behaviours in response to specific stimuli, such as other dogs, people, particular sounds, or just the general surrounding environment. These reactions can be stressful for both the dog and the owner. However, with the correct knowledge and training techniques, particularly positive reinforcement, it's possible to help reactive dogs learn more appropriate behaviours and reduce their reactivity.

Understanding Dog Reactivity

What is Dog Reactivity?

Dog reactivity refers to an 'overreaction' to certain triggers, which can range from mild to severe. This behaviour most often stems from fear, but it can also result from frustration, lack of proper socialisation, or in some unfortunate cases, a dog may just be wired differently. Reactive dogs may feel the need to protect themselves or their owners, leading to what appears as aggressive displays.

Common Triggers for Reactive Dogs

• Other dogs: Many reactive dogs become overly excited or aggressive when they see other dogs.
• Strangers: Some dogs react negatively to unfamiliar people, particularly if a person stares or speaks to the dog.
• Loud noises: Thunderstorms, fireworks, dogs barking, and other loud sounds can trigger reactivity.
• Specific environments: Busy streets, parks, or places with a lot of stimuli can be challenging for reactive dogs.

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement is a training method that focuses on rewarding desired behaviours, thereby increasing the likelihood that these behaviours will be repeated. Unlike punishment-based training, which can increase fear and aggression, positive reinforcement helps build trust and confidence in dogs. Our reactive dog Jess is a St. Bernard and at her giant size, she's especially intimidating for those at the other end of the lead. We have successfully utilised positive reinforcement techniques to curb many of her unwanted behaviours and reactions.

Key Components of Positive Reinforcement

• Rewards: These can include treats, toys, or verbal praise. The key is to use something the dog finds motivating.
• Timing: Rewards should be given immediately after the desired behaviour to ensure the dog makes the connection.
• Consistency: Consistent rewards help reinforce learning and create reliable behaviour patterns.

Benefits of Positive Reinforcement for Reactive Dogs

• Build Trust with Your Pooch: Positive reinforcement helps establish a strong bond between the dog and owner, which fosters trust and builds your confidence in your dog.
• Reduces Fear and Builds Confidence: By associating triggers with positive experiences, dogs can learn to view them less fearfully and discover avenues for building their confidence.
• Encourages Calm Behaviour: Rewarding calm behaviour teaches dogs that remaining calm leads to positive outcomes, both inside of the home and outside in the world.

Techniques for Training Reactive Dogs with Positive Reinforcement

1. Desensitisation and Counter-Conditioning

These techniques involve gradually exposing the dog to the trigger at a low intensity while rewarding calm behaviour. Over time, the dog's reaction to the trigger should hopefully decrease. Counter-conditioning is a long process, so don't expect results immediately. We have been using counter-conditioning for nearly two years with our fear-reactive dog, and the results do come along, just not as quickly as you may be expecting. Consistency is key.

Steps for Desensitisation:

1. Identify the trigger and the distance at which the dog starts reacting.
2. Begin training at a distance where the dog notices the trigger but doesn't react.
3. Reward the dog for calm behaviour with treats or praise - we use "Yes!" when our dog looks at her trigger without reacting.
4. If your dog begins to show signs of a reaction, use "Leave It!" in a sterner voice, and reward when the trigger is ignored.
5. If your dog does react, move further away from the trigger and continue the steps above.
6. Gradually decrease the distance over multiple sessions.

Steps for Counter-Conditioning:

1. Pair the presence of the trigger with something positive, like a favourite treat or their favourite toy.
2. Start at a distance where the dog is aware of the trigger but not reacting - this can sometimes be a super long distance!
3. Gradually reduce the distance as the dog becomes more comfortable.

2. Clicker Training

Clicker training is a popular form of positive reinforcement that uses a clicker to mark desired behaviours. We use this less than counter-conditioning because our dogs are food-motivated, but it can be just as effective.

Steps for Clicker Training:

• Condition the Dog to the Clicker: Click the clicker and immediately give a treat. Repeat until the dog associates the click with a reward.
• Use the Clicker for Desired Behaviours: Click and reward when the dog exhibits calm behaviour around triggers and during everyday tasks - allow them to associate calmness with the clicker.
• Gradually Increase Difficulty: As the dog becomes more comfortable, increase the challenge by reducing the distance to any triggers.

3. Teaching Alternative Behaviours

Training the dog to perform an alternative behaviour can redirect their focus from the trigger.

Steps for Teaching Alternative Behaviours:

• Choose a Behaviour: Select a behaviour that's incompatible with reactivity, such as sitting or making eye contact.
• Train the Behaviour in a Calm Environment: Use positive reinforcement to teach the behaviour in a distraction-free environment.
• Introduce the Trigger: Gradually introduce the trigger while asking for the alternative behaviour and rewarding compliance.

4. Management Strategies

While training is essential, managing your dog's environment to prevent reactive episodes is also crucial.

• Avoidance: Initially avoid situations where the dog is likely to react until they are better trained to deal with the trigger, and you are better equipped with the techniques to manage the situation.
• Equipment: Use tools like harnesses and head collars for better control, one of our favourite head collars is the Dogmatic Head Collar.
• Safe Spaces: Create a safe space at home where the dog can retreat if they feel overwhelmed, such as a kennel or spare room.

Our Favourite Tips for Success

Dog reactivity is seriously difficult to deal with, especially when you have a dog that meets its threshold with seemingly little to no triggers. We've been there and dealt with it, and truly empathise with you. Some of our favourite tips for success are:

• Patience and Persistence: Behaviour change takes time, especially for reactive dogs. Be patient and persistent, and especially don't get disheartened if things don't go as planned - try, and try again.
• Stay Calm: Dogs can sense their owner's emotions. Staying calm helps prevent exacerbating the dog's reactivity. Don't tense up with your dog's lead when you see a trigger, be confident and redirect.
• Professional Help: This is a big one that helped us. Consider seeking help from a professional dog trainer or behaviourist, especially if the reactivity is severe. You aren't alone in this journey.

In Conclusion...

Training a reactive dog can be challenging, but with the right approach and techniques, significant improvements can be made. Positive reinforcement not only helps reduce reactivity but also strengthens the bond between you and your pooch. By researching and understanding the triggers and implementing consistent, reward-based training, you can help your dog become calmer and more confident in even the toughest of situations.

Remember, every dog is different, so tailor your approach to meet your dog's specific needs, and celebrate the small victories along the way.